Ukugwaza umuntu ephusheni
Izincazelo zibonisa ukuthi umuntu ezibona egwazwa ngommese ephusheni angase aveze isethi yezincazelo ezingezinhle ezifanekisela ukulahlekelwa isivikelo nokulahlekelwa amalungelo. Lawa maphupho abonakala ebonisa umuzwa womuntu wokungabi nakuzisiza ukuzivikela noma ukubhekana nobunzima.
Uma umphuphi engumuntu ophethwe yizifo, khona-ke isipiliyoni sokugwazwa ngommese ephusheni singase sibonise isigaba esibucayi esihlobene nempilo yakhe, njengoba lokhu kubhekwa njengesibonakaliso sokubhebhetheka kwesifo, futhi kwezinye izincazelo, kubonakala njengenkomba engenzeka yokufa okusondelayo.
Endodeni ephupha omunye wozakwabo emgwaza ngemuva, lo mbono uhunyushwa njengomfanekiso wokuba khona kwemizwa yomona nenzondo kwabanye kulowo ophuphayo, okudinga ukuthi aqaphele futhi aqaphe empilweni yakhe. ukusebenzelana nalabo abaseduze kwakhe.
Ukuhunyushwa kwephupho mayelana nokugwaza owesifazane okhulelwe ngommese
Esinye sezimo ezingase zidale ukukhathazeka kowesifazane okhulelwe ukuzibona egwazwa ngommese ephusheni, kanti lokhu kungahunyushwa njengenkomba yokuthi kungenzeka abhekane nezinkinga zempilo kuye nasesibelethweni. Lezi zinkinga zingase zehluke futhi zehluke ngezinga, kodwa ngokuvamile zibonisa ukuthi kukhona indawo yokukhathazeka kwezempilo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
Endabeni yowesifazane okhulelwe ophupha ukuthi umyeni wakhe uyena omgwaza ngommese, lokhu kungase kube isingathekiso semizwa ejulile yokwesaba nesiyaluyalu azizwayo mayelana nemithwalo yemfanelo yemali kanye nomthelela omubi emsebenzini wakhe. kanye nempilo yomuntu siqu.
Futhi, ukugwazwa ngommese ephusheni kungase kufanekisele umhawu noma umona owesifazane okhulelwe angase abhekane nakho kumuntu oseduze, okubonisa ukuntuleka kokuvikeleka nokuthembela kobunye ubudlelwano bomphakathi.
Ukuhunyushwa kwephupho eligwazwe ngommese kowesifazane odivosile
Izincazelo zamaphupho emafa amaSulumane zikhomba izincazelo ezithile zombono wokugwazwa ngommese, ikakhulukazi kowesifazane ohlukanisile. Ngokwencazelo yezazi, owesifazane odivosile ezibuka egwazwa ngommese ubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uyasuka emisebenzini yenkolo, edinga ukuba abuyele endleleni yokulunga nokuphenduka ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.
Uma i-stabber ephusheni ingumyeni wangaphambili, lokhu kungase kufanekisela ukungezwani okuvuselelwe kanye nezinkinga phakathi kwabo. Nakuba umbono lapho abazali yibona abagwazayo uveza izinselelo ezinkulu owesifazane angase abhekane nazo, kuhlanganise nezimo ezibuhlungu ezihlobene nezingane zakhe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukugwazwa ngommese esiswini kubonakala njengombono onombono omuhle ezimweni ezithile, njengokuthi umuntu ophuphayo ubhekene nenkinga yezempilo, lapho kungase kubhekwe njengophawu lokululama. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma enempilo enhle, iphupho lingase libonise ukubhekana nenkohliso nokukhohlisa.
Lezi zincazelo zinikeza amazwibela okuthi sisebenzisana kanjani nemizwa nokwesaba ezimpilweni zethu zangempela futhi sizihumushe zibe izimpawu emaphusheni ethu.
Ukuhunyushwa kwephupho ngokugwaza indoda ngommese
Izincazelo zamaphupho zibonisa ukuthi umuntu obona ephusheni lakhe ukuthi othile umgwaza ngommese, ikakhulukazi uma umenzi wobubi engumuntu osondelene naye, kufanele aqaphele ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuvezwa ngokukhohlisa noma ukukhashelwa kulo muntu, okungase kuholele ekudaluleni izimfihlo zakhe kwabanye.
Uma umuntu ebona ephusheni lakhe ukuthi nguye ozigwazayo, lokhu kubonisa ukuthi usesigabeni sokucabanga ngamaphutha akhe angaphambili futhi afune ukuwalungisa kuwubufakazi bokuzisola kanye nesifiso sakhe sokushintsha kube ngcono futhi ahlale kude nokuziphatha okubi.
Ngokuqondene nokuphupha ukuthi kukhona umuntu ongaziwa ogwaza umphuphi ngommese, lokhu kuthathwa njengesixwayiso kumuntu wokwehluleka kanye nesidingo sokuphinda ahlole indlela yakhe yokucabanga nokubhekana nezimo abhekene nazo. Lokhu kuchaza futhi kuxwayisa ophuphile ngesidingo sokuqaphela kakhudlwana futhi aqaphele abantu abamzungezile.
Ukuhunyushwa kwephupho egwazwe ngommese ngaphandle kwegazi
Ukuchazwa kwephupho ngokugwazwa ngommese ngaphandle kwegazi kubonisa ukuthi umuntu ubhekene nezingcindezi ezinkulu ezingokwengqondo nobunzima, kodwa nokho akakwazi ukwabelana noma ukuveza imizwa yakhe nabanye. Lesi simo siholela ekuqongeleleni imithwalo yengqondo kuye.
Esimweni esifanayo, iphupho lingahunyushwa njengokubonisa imizamo yomuntu yokunqoba izithiyo nokugcina ukuzinza kokuphila kwakhe komuntu siqu nomndeni ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukuveza imininingwane yokuhlupheka kwakhe noma ukufuna usizo lwangaphandle.
Ukuhunyushwa kwephupho egwazwe ngommese eceleni
Ukuzibona ugwazwa ngommese ohlangothini kuyinkomba yenselelo enkulu ebhekene nomuntu, engase ibe nomthelela ongemuhle empilweni yakhe. Lo mbono uqukethe izincazelo zobubi nenhlekelele engase yehlele umuntu.
Otolika bakholelwa ukuthi lolu phawu lubonisa ubunzima obuningi obunzima kumuntu ukubunqoba noma ukubuqeda, futhi kungase kubonise umuzwa wakhe wokungakwazi ukufeza izifiso namaphupho akhe.
Uma umbono uphindwe izikhathi eziningi, lokhu kuphakamisa ukuba khona kwabantu abaningi abafuna ukulimaza umphuphi, futhi bahlela lokhu ngasese.
Ukuhunyushwa kwephupho ngokugwazwa ngommese entanyeni
Ekuchazeni iphupho, uphawu lokugwazwa ngommese entanyeni luthwala izincazelo ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi isimo somphuphi. Kowesifazane osemusha ongashadile, lo mbono uyinkomba yokubhekana nobunzima nezinselele ezingase zithiye ukufezwa kwemigomo yakhe, futhi ngokuvamile uhlotshaniswa nokuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu okungokomzwelo okushiya ngemuva umuzwa wokudabuka nokudumala.
Nakuba ngowesifazane oshadile, ukugwazwa ngommese entanyeni kungase kubonise okuhlangenwe nakho kokungabi nabulungisa nokungalungi ezicini ezithile zokuphila kwakhe. Uma umyeni kunguye owenza lesi senzo ephusheni, lokhu kungase kubonise ukugcwaliseka kwezifiso nezifiso.
Embonweni wendoda, ukugwazwa ngommese ngokuvamile kufanekisela izinselele nobunzima abhekana nabo. Uma kuyinkosikazi egwazayo, lokhu kungase kuhunyushwe njengezindaba ezinhle eziphathelene nenzalo nenzalo.
Lezi zincazelo zisekelwe ekuchazeni izazi zokuchaza amaphupho ezifana no-Ibn Sirin no-Imam Nabulsi, abacebisa umtapo wolwazi wama-Arabhu ngemisebenzi yabo kule sayensi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukuhunyushwa kwamaphupho kuyahlukahluka ngokusekelwe emininingwaneni yombono kanye nezimo zomuntu siqu zomphuphi, okwenza incazelo ngayinye ibe yicala elikhethekile ngezincazelo ezithile.
Ukuchazwa kwephupho ngokugwazwa ngommese ethangeni
Ukuphupha ithanga ligwazwa ngommese ekuchazeni amaphupho kubonisa izinselele nokuhlupheka umuntu abhekana nakho, kodwa ngokuvamile akuzona izinkinga ezinkulu futhi kulindeleke ukuba zinqotshwe ngaphandle kobunzima obuningi. Ngokombono wabanye abahumushi bamaphupho, leli phupho lingabonisa ukuchayeka kwezinye izifo noma izinkinga zempilo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umphuphi ngokwakhe noma ilungu lomndeni wakhe noma abangane abaseduze, kodwa lobu bunzima buhlala bunomthelela olinganiselwe.
Ngokusho kwezincazelo zika-Imam Nabulsi, ukubona ukugwazwa ngommese ephusheni kungase kubonise ukuthi umphuphi uthola amandla noma isikhundla esihloniphekile kumuntu omkhonzayo, kanti uma umuntu ezibona egwaza, lokhu kungase kubonise ukuthi uyazuza ezinsizakalweni ezivela. abantwana bakhe noma izizukulwane ezincane.
Ukuhunyushwa kwephupho mayelana nokugwazwa ngommese kumuntu ongaziwa
Uma uphupha ukuthi umuntu ugwazwe ngommese ngumuntu ongaziwa, lokhu kungahunyushwa njengenkomba yokulahlekelwa ukulawula kanye nomuzwa wokungabi namandla ekwenzeni izinqumo ezibalulekile. Lolu hlobo lwephupho lubonisa izingcindezi nemingcele ebekwe kumuntu empilweni yakhe, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukuzimela kwakhe kanye nentando yakhe.
Kubantu abaphethwe yizifo, ukuphupha ugwazwa umuntu ongaziwa kungase kubonise ukuncipha kwempilo noma ukuzwa ukukhathazeka ngokweqile ngempilo. Ezinye izazi ziye zakubheka njengophawu oluyisixwayiso mayelana nokwenzeka kwezinto ezingalindelekile ezihlobene nempilo.
Ngokwezincazelo zika-Ibn Sirin, ukuphupha ukuthi ugwazwa ngommese ngumuntu ongashiwongo kungabonisa ukuthi lowo ophuphayo ubhekene nochungechunge lwezinselelo nezinkinga ezingase zibangele ngokuyinhloko uchungechunge lwezinqumo ezingacatshangelwa kahle.
Ukugwaza entanyeni ephusheni
Incazelo yokubona ugwazwa ngommese entanyeni ngesikhathi samaphupho inezincazelo nezincazelo eziningi, njengoba lo mbono uveza okuhlangenwe nakho okunzima nezinselele umuntu angase abhekane nazo ekuphileni kwakhe. Ukuphupha umuntu egwazwe ngommese entanyeni kungase kubonise ukungabi nabulungisa okungenzeka ukuthi umuntu angase ahlupheke esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
Leli phupho ngezinye izikhathi libonisa izindlela ezingalungile umphuphi athola ngazo imali noma azuze kwabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbono ungabonisa izingxabano zangaphakathi nezingokwengqondo umuntu abhekana nazo, eveza izingcindezi ezithinta ukuzinza kwakhe ngokomzwelo nangokwengqondo.
Kwezinye izimo, ukubona ummese ugwazwa entanyeni kungase kubonise izinsongo ezibhekene nomndeni womuntu kanye nobudlelwane bomphakathi, okubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukugqashuka noma ukulahlekelwa izibopho zomndeni.
Ngokuvamile, la maphupho aphethe izincazelo ezidinga ukucabangela nokucabanga ngendlela yokuphila yomuntu kanye nobudlelwane bakhe nalabo abamzungezile, egcizelela isidingo sokunaka nokusebenza ukuxazulula izinkinga angase abhekane nazo empeleni.
Ukugwaza ehlombe ephusheni
Ukuhunyushwa kwephupho mayelana nokugwazwa ehlombe ngommese kubonisa ukubhekana nobunzima nezinselele empilweni yomphuphi. Uma umuntu ezibona egwaza ihlombe lakhe ngommese, lokhu kubonisa ukuhileleka kwakhe ezinkingeni noma ezinkingeni azozibangela yena. Leli phupho lingahunyushwa nangokuthi lisho ukuthi umuntu angaphendukela ekutholeni imihlomulo ngezindlela ezingekho emthethweni noma ezingcolile.
Ukugwaza emhlane ephusheni
Uma umuntu ebona ephusheni lakhe isigameko somuntu ogwaza omunye ngemuva, lokhu kungase kube ukubonakaliswa kwesimo sokukhathazeka nokucindezeleka kwengqondo abhekene nakho.
Isimo sokubona othile egwaza umphuphi emhlane ephusheni singase sibonise isimo sengqondo sokuhleba nokukhaphela umphuphi akwenza kwabanye.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma umphuphi egwaza omunye umuntu ngemuva ephusheni lakhe, lokhu kungase kubonise ukuthi uzizwa ezisola futhi ezisola ngezenzo zakhe.
Isimo somphuphi ngokwakhe egwazwa ngemuva ephusheni sibonisa umuzwa wakhe wokukhashelwa ngabanye, futhi kubonisa ukuthi uzobhekana nezinkinga eziningi ngenxa yalokho.
Ukuhunyushwa kwephupho mayelana nomuntu ogwaza omunye umuntu ngommese ekhanda
Ezweni lokuchazwa kwamaphupho, kunenkolelo yokuthi ukubona othile egwaza omunye ekhanda ngommese kuveza ukwesaba okufihliwe okulawula umphuphi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma umuntu ebona ukuthi ugwazwa ngommese ekhanda, lokhu kungase kubonise ukuthi ulinde ukululama kanye nokunyamalala kokukhathazeka.
Amaphupho ahlanganisa ukugwazwa ekhanda ngommese nawo afanekisela izinguquko ezinkulu lowo ophuphayo angase abhekane nazo ekuphileni kwakhe. Kwabesifazane, ukubona ukugwazwa ekhanda ephusheni kungase kulethe izindaba ezinhle zokuqeda izinkinga kanye nokufika kwempumuzo.
Incazelo yokuphupha umuntu egwaza umfowethu ngommese
Uma owesifazane efakaza ephusheni lakhe ukuthi umfowabo uyamgwaza esebenzisa ummese, lo mbono ungase ubonise ukujula kobudlelwane nokwabelana okubanzi phakathi kwabo. Lapho udade ebona umfowabo emgwaza ephusheni, lokhu kungase kubonise amathemba akhe okuthola izinzuzo zezinto ezibonakalayo noma usizo kuye.
Komunye umongo, uma umuntu ebona ephusheni lakhe ukuthi othile ugwaza umfowabo, lokhu kungase kubonise ukungezwani ebuhlotsheni nomuzwa wenzondo phakathi kwabo. Ekugcineni, umuntu ebona umfowabo egwazwa ephusheni kungase kube inkomba yokubhekana nokukhathazeka okwandayo nezinkinga phakathi kwabo.
Ukuhunyushwa kwephupho Umuntu ugwaze udadewethu ngommese
Uma owesifazane ebona ephusheni lakhe othile enamathisela ummese emzimbeni kadadewabo, lokhu kungase kubonise ukungezwani nokungqubuzana okuphazamisa ubuhlobo phakathi kodade ababili.
Indawo yokutshala ummese ephusheni nayo iyinkomba yokuba khona kokungafani okuyisisekelo okungase kuthinte kabi ukuxhumana nokuqonda kwabo.
Uma ephusheni ebona othile enza lesi senzo kudadewabo, lokhu kungase kufanekisele ubunzima bokungafani nezinkinga ebuhlotsheni babo, okudinga umsebenzi wokulungisa lobu buhlobo futhi unqobe izinkinga ezikhona.
Ukuchazwa kwephupho ngomuntu ongigwaza ngommese esiswini
Lapho owesifazane oshadile ebona ephusheni lakhe ukuthi othile umgwaza esiswini esebenzisa ummese, lokhu kubonisa amandla akhe nekhono lakhe lokukhuthazelela izimo ezinzima ngaphandle kokudalula ukuhlupheka kwakhe kwabanye.
Uma owesifazane ephupha ukuthi othile umgwaza esiswini ngommese, kodwa ngaphandle kwegazi, leli phupho libonisa ukuthi uzohlala ngokuzinza nangenjabulo esikhathini esizayo.
Kuwesifazane okhulelwe obona ephusheni lakhe ukuthi othile umgwaza ngommese esiswini, lokhu kubonisa ukuthi uzobhekana nezinselele nobunzima ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
Ukuhunyushwa kwephupho ngokugwazwa ngommese eceleni
Ekuchazeni amaphupho, kuboniswa ukuthi indawo yokugwazwa kommese ohlangothini inezincazelo ezijulile ezihlobene nezinselelo ezinkulu umuntu angase ahlangabezane nazo ekuphileni kwakhe. Lolu hlobo lombono kukholakala ukuthi lubonisa ukubhekana komphuphi nezingxabano zangaphakathi noma izingqinamba ezingase zime endleleni yakhe.
Uma umuntu ephupha egwazwa ngommese ohlangothini, lokhu kuchazwa njengophawu lwemizwa yokukhathazeka nokucindezeleka kwengqondo okungase kumbangele ukulimala ezingeni lomphefumulo nengqondo.
Nakuba u-Ibn Sirin, omunye wabahlaziyi abadume kakhulu emlandweni wamaSulumane, ethatha umbono ohlukile mayelana nokugwaza ummese ohlangothini, ekubheka njengenkomba yezibusiso nokuphila okuchichimayo okuzotholwa umphuphi esikhathini esizayo. Ngokwezincazelo zakhe, lo mbono ungase ube nezibikezelo ezinhle nezithembiso zempumelelo nokuchuma okuza ekuphileni komuntu.
Liyini incazelo yephupho lokuzama ukugwaza ngommese kwabesifazane abangashadile?
Lapho intombazane engashadile ibona ephusheni layo ukuthi igwazwa ngommese, lokhu kungase kubonise isethi yezinselele nezingxabano empilweni yakhe, okungase kuthinte kabi isimo sakhe sengqondo futhi kumbeke phambi kwezithiyo eziningi ezimvimbela ekufezeni. imigomo yakhe. Lo mbono uchazwa ngokuba khona kwabantu eduze kwentombazane empilweni yayo yangempela abangayifukamela ububi futhi bazame ukuyilimaza ngenxa yezizathu ezinjengomona noma umona.
Uma intombazane iphupha ukuthi igwazwa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomzimba wayo, lokhu kungase kubonise ukuba khona komuntu owakhe uzungu noma ofuna ukumlimaza ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ephusheni lakhe egwazwe ngommese enhliziyweni, lokhu kungahunyushwa njengesithiyo esikhulu angase abhekane naso ebuhlotsheni bothando, okungase kugcine ngokudumazeka noma ukuhlukana okubuhlungu nalowo amthandayo. .
Ukuhunyushwa kwephupho eligwazwe ngommese esifubeni
Ukuzwa ubuhlungu endaweni yesifuba, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sephupho, kungase kuhunyushwe owesifazane okhulelwe njengesixwayiso sokubhekana nobunzima noma izenzakalo ezidabukisayo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Lolu hlobo lwephupho lungase lubonakale njengesixwayiso sokulahlekelwa ukukhulelwa okungenzeka noma ukuzalwa komntwana onezinselele zempilo.
Ukugwaza ngommese ephusheni kowesifazane oshadile
Uma owesifazane oshadile ephupha egwaza abantu eduze kwakhe esebenzisa ummese, lo mbono uthathwa njengenkomba yokuthi usola abanye ngento okungafanele ayenze futhi ebathuka ngamagama, okudinga ukuthi acabangisise ngezenzo zakhe futhi athandaze. kuMdali ukuze athole intethelelo nesiqondiso.
Uma owesifazane oshadile ecabanga ephusheni lakhe ukuthi othile uyamgwaza emhlane, khona-ke lo mbono uveza ukuthi umyeni wakhe wenze isenzo sokukhaphela omunye wesifazane, okudala ukudabuka okujulile enhliziyweni yakhe futhi kumenza abe sengozini yokuzizwa ecindezelekile.
Kodwa-ke, uma owesifazane okhulelwe ebona ephusheni lakhe ukuthi ugwazwa onyaweni ngommese, lokhu kubonisa ukuthi uzobhekana nesithiyo esikhulu empilweni yakhe esithinta kabi ukuthula kwakhe kwengqondo futhi simvimbele ekuzuzeni injabulo kanye nenjabulo. umuzwa wokuzinza.
Ukuhunyushwa kwephupho mayelana nokugwaza ngommese kwabesifazane abangashadile
Amaphupho lapho intombazane engashadile izibona igwazwa ngommese inezincazelo eziningi kuye ngokuthi igwazwe kuphi. Uma intombazane ithola inxeba lokugwazwa esiswini kodwa lingaphumi gazi, lokhu kungase kubonise ukuthi iye yachayeka ekukhapheni noma ukukhohliswa ngumuntu oseduze.
Ukugwazwa enhliziyweni kungasikisela isipiliyoni sokuhlukana noma ukwehlukana nozakwethu alondoloze ubuhlobo bothando naye. Uma ukugwaza kusezandleni, lokhu kungase kubonise okulindelwe ukubhekana nezinkinga zezimali. Mayelana nokugwaza ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomzimba, kuphakamisa ukuba khona kwabantu abanezinhloso ezimbi eduze kwentombazane, abangafuna ukuyilimaza ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.
Ukugwaza isikelo ephusheni
Uma umuntu ephupha ukuthi umlingani wakhe umshaya ngesikelo, lokhu kuthathwa njengenkomba yokungavumelani okukhulu okungenzeka phakathi kwakhe nomlingani wakhe wokuphila, futhi lokhu kungase kuthinte kabi umndeni. Kuyadingeka ukuthi lo muntu akhombise ubuhlakani futhi aphathe izinto ngokucophelela ukuze adlule kule nkinga.
Ukuphupha egwazwa ngesikelo kufanekisa ukuthi umuntu uzobhekana nezinselelo nobunzima esikhathini esizayo, okudinga ukuqapha nokubekezela lapho ebhekana nezigameko.
Ukuhunyushwa kwephupho mayelana nendoda egwaza umkayo ngommese
Uma umuntu ebona ephusheni lakhe ukuthi ugwaza umkakhe, lokhu kubonisa ukuba khona kokungavumelani nezinkinga ezingase ziphakame ebuhlotsheni babo, okungase kubangele ukungezwani nezingxabano phakathi kwabo. Kulokhu, umuntu kufanele asebenze kanzima ukuze alondoloze ukuzola nokuzinza kwekhaya, futhi enze konke okusemandleni akhe ukunikeza indawo ezolile nephephile kubantwana bakhe, ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi bajabulela ukuphila okuzinzile nokunethezeka.
Ukuhunyushwa kwephupho ngokugwazwa ngommese ngumuntu ongamazi
Uma umuntu ebona ephusheni lakhe ukuthi umuntu ongaziwa umhlasela ngommese, lokhu kukhomba ukuthi angase adayiswe abantu abethembayo. Leli phupho libuye libe nencazelo yobunzima obungase buphazamise indlela yempumelelo. Le nselele iyisimemo kumuntu ukuthi aqhubeke nokuphishekela imigomo yakhe ngobuqotho nangokuzimisela.
Ukuhunyushwa kwephupho ngokuzigwaza ngommese
Ephusheni lomuntu uma ezibona ezigwaza ngommese lokhu kusuke kunezincazelo zokuzisola ngesono esithile asenzile abheke phambili ekulungiseni leli phutha afune intethelelo. Ukubonakala komunye umuntu okhuthaza lesi senzo ephusheni kungase futhi kubonise ukuba khona komuntu onezinhloso ezinhle empilweni yomphuphi, kumqondise endleleni yokulunga nokuphenduka.
